Ethnobotany
History and culture
Traditional use of kratom in Southeast Asia, historical context and regional differences.
The history of kratom: from Southeast Asia to Europe
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) has been documented in Southeast Asia for centuries. It was scientifically described by Korthals in 1839 and spread to Europe after 2000.
Kratom in Thailand: tradition, bans and return
Thailand banned kratom in 1943 (the Kratom Act, B.E. 2486). In 2018 it was permitted for medical use and in 2021 decriminalised for ordinary use.
Indonesia as the world's kratom supplier
Indonesia covers 70-90 % of world kratom production, mostly from Kalimantan and Sumatra. The planned export ban has repeatedly been postponed.
Kratom in Malaysia: ketum and the local context
In Malaysia kratom is locally known as ketum or biak-biak. Cultivation and possession are subject to the Poisons Act 1952, and the legalisation debate is open.
Ethnobotany of kratom in Southeast Asia
The ethnobotanical literature describes kratom as a traditional agricultural stimulant in southern Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. The tradition differs from modern recreational use.
Other areas of the guide
Botany and science
Mitragyna speciosa as a plant, its alkaloid profile, fermentation and a scientific view of kratom chemistry.
Use and safety
What we may say about effects under the law, dosing according to the instructions for use, risks and combinations, kratom forms and what you will not find with us.
Czech legislation
Current regulation of kratom in the Czech Republic after the amendment to Act 167/1998 Coll., the role of state authorities and comparison with the EU.
Quality and safety
How to read a Certificate of Analysis, limits for heavy metals and mycotoxins, HPLC and ICP-MS methods, storage.
